Queue Splitting

Available for:

Team Enterprise

If your application consumes messages from a queue service, you should choose a configuration that matches your intention:

  1. Running your application with mirrord without any special configuration will result in your local application competing with the remote target (and potentially other mirrord runs by teammates) for queue messages.
  2. Running your application with copy_target + scale_down will result in the deployed application not consuming any messages, and your local application being the exclusive consumer of queue messages.
  3. If you want to control which messages will be consumed by the deployed application, and which ones will reach your local application, set up queue splitting for the relevant target, and define a messages filter in the mirrord configuration. Messages that match the filter will reach your local application, and messages that do not, will reach either the deployed application, or another teammate’s local application, if they match their filter.

NOTE: So far queue splitting is available for Amazon SQS and Kafka. Pretty soon we’ll support RabbitMQ as well.

How It Works #

SQS Splitting #

When an SQS splitting session starts, the operator changes the target workload to consume messages from a different, temporary queue created by the operator. The operator also creates a temporary queue that the local application reads from.

So if we have a consumer app reading messages from a queue:

A K8s application that consumes messages from an SQS queue

After a mirrord SQS splitting session starts, the setup will change to this:

One SQS splitting session

The operator will consume messages from the original queue, and try to match their attributes with filter defined by the user in the mirrord configuration file (read more in the last section). A message that matches the filter will be sent to the queue consumed by the local application. Other messages will be sent to the queue consumed by the remote application.

And as soon as a second mirrord SQS splitting session starts, the operator will create another temporary queue for the new local app:

Two SQS splitting sessions

The users’ filters will be matched in the order of the start of their sessions. If filters defined by two users both match a message, the message will go to whichever user started their session first.

After a mirrord session ends, the operator will delete the temporary queue that was created for that session. When all sessions that split a certain queue end, the mirrord Operator will wait for the deployed application to consume the remaining messages in its temporary queue, and then delete that temporary queue as well, and change the deployed application to consume messages back from the original queue.

Kafka Splitting #

When a Kafka splitting session starts, the operator changes the target workload to consume messages from a different, temporary topic created by the operator in the same Kafka cluster. The operator also creates a temporary topic that the local application reads from.

So if we have a consumer app reading messages from a topic:

A K8s application that consumes messages from a Kafka topic

After a mirrord Kafka splitting session starts, the setup will change to this:

One Kafka splitting session

The operator will consume messages from the original topic (using the same consumer group id as the target workload), and try to match their headers with filter defined by the user in the mirrord configuration file (read more in the last section). A message that matches the filter will be sent to the topic consumed by the local application. Other messages will be sent to the topic consumed by the remote application.

And as soon as a second mirrord Kafka splitting session starts, the operator will create another temporary queue for the new local app:

Two Kafka splitting sessions

The users’ filters will be matched in the order of the start of their sessions. If filters defined by two users both match a message, the message will go to whichever user started their session first.

After a mirrord session ends, the operator will delete the temporary topic that was created for that session. When all sessions that split a certain topic end, the mirrord Operator will change the deployed application to consume messages back from the original topic and delete the temporary topic as well.

Getting Started with SQS Splitting #

Enabling SQS Splitting in Your Cluster #

In order to use the SQS splitting feature, some extra values need be provided during the installation of the mirrord Operator.

First of all, the SQS splitting feature needs to be enabled:

When SQS splitting is enabled during installation, some additional resources are created, and the SQS component of the mirrord Operator is started.

Additionally, the operator needs to be able to do some operations on SQS queues in your account. For that, an IAM role with an appropriate policy has to be assigned to the operator’s service account. Please follow AWS’s documentation on how to do that.

Some of the permissions are needed for your actual queues that you would like to split, and some permissions are only needed for the temporary queues the mirrord Operator creates and later deletes. Here is an overview:

SQS Permissionneeded for your queuesneeded for temporary queues
GetQueueUrl✓
ListQueueTags✓
ReceiveMessage✓
DeleteMessage✓
GetQueueAttributes✓✓ (both!)
CreateQueue✓
TagQueue✓
SendMessage✓
DeleteQueue✓

Here we provide a short explanation for each required permission.

  • sqs:GetQueueUrl: the operator finds queue names to split in the provided source, and then it fetches the URL from SQS in order to make all other API calls.
  • sqs:GetQueueAttributes: the operator gives all temporary queues the same attributes as their corresponding original queue, so it needs permission to get the original queue’s attributes. It also reads the attributes of temporary queues it created, in order to check how many messages they have approximately.
  • sqs:ListQueueTags: the operator queries your queue’s tags, in order to give all temporary queues that are created for that queue the same tags.
  • sqs:ReceiveMessage: the mirrord Operator will read messages from queues you want to split.
  • sqs:DeleteMessage: after reading a message and forwarding it to a temporary queue, the operator deletes it.
  • sqs:CreateQueue: the mirrord Operator will create temporary queues in your SQS account.
  • sqs:TagQueue: all the queues mirrord creates will be tagged with all the tags of their respective original queues, plus any tags that are configured for them in the MirrordWorkloadQueueRegistry in which they are declared.
  • sqs:SendMessage: mirrord will send the messages it reads from an original queue to the temporary queue of the client whose filter matches it, or to the temporary queue the deployed application reads from.
  • sqs:DeleteQueue: when a user session is done, mirrord will delete the temporary queue it created for that session. After all sessions that split a certain queue end, also the temporary queue that is for the deployed application is deleted.

This is an example for a policy that gives the operator’s roles the minimal permissions it needs to split a queue called ClientUploads:

{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "sqs:GetQueueUrl",
                "sqs:GetQueueAttributes",
                "sqs:ListQueueTags",
                "sqs:ReceiveMessage",
                "sqs:DeleteMessage"
            ],
            "Resource": [
                "arn:aws:sqs:eu-north-1:314159265359:ClientUploads"
            ]
        },
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "sqs:CreateQueue",
                "sqs:TagQueue",
                "sqs:SendMessage",
                "sqs:GetQueueAttributes",
                "sqs:DeleteQueue"
            ],
            "Resource": "arn:aws:sqs:eu-north-1:314159265359:mirrord-*"
        }
    ]
}

  • The first statement gives the role the permissions it needs for your original queues.

    Instead of specifying the queues you would like to be able to split in the first statement, you could alternatively make that statement apply for all resources in the account, and limit the queues it applies to using conditions instead of resource names. For example, you could add a condition that makes the statement only apply to queues with the tag splittable=true or env=dev etc. and set those tags for all queues you would like to allow the operator to split.

  • The second statement in the example gives the role the permissions it needs for the temporary queues. Since all the temporary queues created by mirrord are created with the name prefix mirrord-, that statement in the example is limited to resources with that prefix in their name.

    If you would like to limit the second statement with conditions instead of (only) with the resource name, you can set a condition that requires a tag, and in the MirrordWorkloadQueueRegistry resource you can specify for each queue tags that mirrord will set for temporary queues that it creates for that original queue.

If the queue messages are encrypted, the operator’s IAM role should also have the following permissions:

  • kms:Encrypt
  • kms:Decrypt
  • kms:GenerateDataKey

The ARN of the IAM role has to be passed when installing the operator.

  • When installing with Helm, the ARN is passed via the sa.roleArn value
  • When installing via the mirrord operator setup command, use the --aws-role-arn flag.

Permissions for Target Workloads #

In order to be targeted with SQS queue splitting, a workload has to be able to read from queues that are created by mirrord.

Any temporary queues created by mirrord are created with the same policy as the original queues they are splitting (with the single change of the queue name in the policy), so if a queue has a policy that allows the target workload to call ReceiveMessage on it, that is enough.

However, if the workload gets its access to the queue by an IAM policy (and not an SQS policy, see SQS docs) that grants access to that specific queue by its exact name, you would have to add a policy that would allow that workload to also read from new temporary queues created by mirrord on the run.

Creating a Queue Registry #

On operator installation, a new CustomResources type was created on your cluster: MirrordWorkloadQueueRegistry. Users with permissions to get CRDs, can verify its existence with kubectl get crd mirrordworkloadqueueregistries.queues.mirrord.metalbear.co. After an SQS-enabled operator is installed, and before you can start splitting queues, a resource of that type must be created for the target you want to run against, in the target’s namespace.

Below we have an example for such a resource, for a meme app that consumes messages from two queues:

apiVersion: "queues.mirrord.metalbear.co/v1alpha"
kind: MirrordWorkloadQueueRegistry
metadata:
  name: meme-app-q-registry
spec:
  queues:
    meme-queue:
      queueType: SQS
      nameSource:
        envVar: INCOMING_MEME_QUEUE_NAME
      tags:
        tool: mirrord
    ad-queue:
      queueType: SQS
      nameSource:
        envVar: AD_QUEUE_NAME
      tags:
        tool: mirrord
  consumer:
    name: meme-app
    container: main
    workloadType: Deployment
  • spec.queues holds queues that should be split when running mirrord with this target. It is a mapping from a queue ID to the details of the queue.
    • The queue ID is chosen by you, and will be used by every teammate who wishes to filter messages from this queue. You can choose any string for that, it does not have to be the same as the name of the queue. In the example above the first queue has the queue id meme-queue and the second one ad-queue.
    • nameSource tells mirrord where the app finds the name of this queue.
      • Currently envVar is the only supported source for the queue name, but in the future we will also support other sources, such as config maps. The value of envVar is the name of the environment variable the app reads the queue name from. It is crucial that both the local and the deployed app use the queue name they find in that environment variable. mirrord changes the value of that environment variable in order to make the application read from a temporary queue it creates.
    • tags is an optional field where you can specify queue tags that should be added to all temporary queues mirrord creates for splitting this queue.
  • spec.consumer is the workload that consumes these queues. The queues specified above will be split whenever that workload is targeted.
    • container is optional, when set - this queue registry only applies to runs that target that container.

Getting Started with Kafka Splitting #

Enabling Kafka Splitting in Your Cluster #

In order to use the Kafka splitting feature, some extra values need be provided during the installation of the mirrord Operator.

First of all, the Kafka splitting feature needs to be enabled:

When Kafka splitting is enabled during installation, some additional resources are created, and the Kafka component of the mirrord Operator is started.

Configuring Kafka Splitting with Custom Resources #

On operator installation, new CustomResources types were created on your cluster: MirrordKafkaTopicsConsumer and MirrordKafkaClientConfig. Users with permissions to get CRDs, can verify their existence with kubectl get crd mirrordkafkatopicsconsumers.queues.mirrord.metalbear.co and kubectl get crd mirrordkafkaclientconfigs.queues.mirrord.metalbear.co.

After a Kafka-enabled operator is installed, and before you can start splitting queues, resources of these types must be created.

  1. MirrordKafkaTopicsConsumer is a resource that must be created in the same namespace as the target workload. It describes Kafka topics that this workload consumes and contains instructions for the mirrord Operator on how to execture splitting. Each MirrordKafkaTopicsConsumer is linked to a single workload that can be targeted with a Kafka splitting session.
  2. MirrordKafkaClienConfig is a resource that must be created in the namespace where mirrord operator is installed. It contains properties that the operator will use when creating a Kafka client used for all Kafka operations during the split. This resource is referenced by MirrordKafkaTopicsConsumer.

MirrordKafkaTopicsConsumer #

Below we have an example for MirrordKafkaTopicsConsumer resource, for a meme app that consumes messages from a Kafka topic:

apiVersion: "queues.mirrord.metalbear.co/v1alpha"
kind: MirrordKafkaTopicsConsumer
metadata:
  name: meme-app-topics-consumer
spec:
  consumerApiVersion: "apps/v1"
  consumerKind: "Deployment"
  consumerName": "meme-app"
  topics:
  - id: views-topic
    clientConfig: base-config
    groupIdSources:
    - directEnvVar:
        container: consumer
        variable: KAFKA_GROUP_ID
    nameSources:
    - directEnvVar:
        container: consumer
        variable: KAFKA_TOPIC_NAME
  • spec.topics is a list of topics that can be split when running mirrord with this target.

    • The topic ID is chosen by you, and will be used by every teammate who wishes to filter messages from this topic. You can choose any string for that, it does not have to be the same as the name of the queue. In the example above the topic has id views-topic.

    • clientConfig is the name of the MirrordKafkaClientConfig resource living in the mirrord Operator’s namespace that will be used when interacting with the Kafka cluster.

    • groupIdSources holds a list of all occurences of Kafka consumer group id in the workload’s pod spec. mirrord Operator will use this group id when consuming messages from the topic.

      Currently the only supported source type is an environment variable with value defined directly in the pod spec.

    • nameSources holds a list of all occurences of topic name in the workload’s pod spec. mirrord Operator will use this name when consuming messages. It is crucial that both the local and deployed app take topic name from these sources, as mirrord Operator will use them to inject the names of temporary topics.

      Currently the only supported source type is an environment variable with value defined directly in the pod spec.

MirrordKafkaClientConfig #

Below we have an example for MirrordKafkaClientConfig resource:

apiVersion: queues.mirrord.metalbear.co/v1alpha
kind: MirrordKafkaClientConfig
metadata:
  name: base-config
  namespace: mirrord
spec:
  properties:
  - name: bootstrap.servers
    value: kafka.default.svc.cluster.local:9092

When used by the mirrord Operator for Kafka splitting, the example below will be resolved to following .properties file:

bootstrap.servers=kafka.default.svc.cluster.local:9092

This file will be used when creating a Kafka client for managing temporary topics, consuming messages from the original topic and producing messages to the temporary topics. Full list of available properties can be found here.

NOTE: group.id property will always be overwritten by mirrord Operator when resolving the .properties file.

MirrordKafkaClientConfig resource supports property inheritance via spec.parent field. When resolving a resource X that has parent Y:

  1. Y is resolved into a .properties file.
  2. For each property defined in X:
    • If value is provided, it overrides any previous value of that property
    • If value is not provided (null), that property is removed

Below we have an example of two MirrordKafkaClientConfigs with inheritance relation:

apiVersion: queues.mirrord.metalbear.co/v1alpha
kind: MirrordKafkaClientConfig
metadata:
  name: base-config
  namespace: mirrord
spec:
  properties:
  - name: bootstrap.servers
    value: kafka.default.svc.cluster.local:9092
  - name: message.send.max.retries
    value: 4

apiVersion: queues.mirrord.metalbear.co/v1alpha
kind: MirrordKafkaClientConfig
metadata:
  name: with-client-id
  namespace: mirrord
spec:
  parent: base-config
  properties:
  - name: client.id
    value: mirrord-operator
  - name: message.send.max.retries
    value: null

When used by the mirrord Operator for Kafka splitting, the with-client-id below will be resolved to following .properties file:

bootstrap.servers=kafka.default.svc.cluster.local:9092
client.id=mirrord-operator

Setting a Filter for a mirrord Run #

Once everything else is set, you can start using message filters in your mirrord configuration file. Below is an example for what such a configuration might look like:

{
    "operator": true,
    "target": "deployment/meme-app/main",
    "feature": {
        "split_queues": {
            "meme-queue": {
                "queue_type": "SQS",
                "message_filter": {
                    "author": "^me$",
                    "level": "^(beginner|intermediate)$"
                }
            },
            "ad-queue": {
                "queue_type": "SQS",
                "message_filter": {}
            },
            "views-topic": {
                "queue_type": "Kafka",
                "message_filter": {
                    "author": "^me$",
                    "source": "^my-session-"
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
  • feature.split_queues is the configuration field you need to specify in order to filter queue messages. Directly under it, we have a mapping from a queue or topic ID to a queue filter definition.

    • Queue or topic ID is the ID that was set in the SQS queue registry resource or Kafka topics consumer resource.

    • message_filter is a mapping from message attribute (SQS) or header (Kafka) names to message attribute or header value regexes. Your local application will only see queue messages that have all of the specified message attributes or headers.

      Empty message_filter is treated as a match-none directive.

In the example above, the local application:

  • Will receive a subset of messages from SQS queue with ID meme-queue. All received messages will have an attribute author with the value me, AND an attribute level with value either beginner or intermediate.
  • Will receive a subset of messages from Kafka topic with ID views-topic. All received messages will have an attribute author with the value me, AND an attribute source with value starting with my-session- (e.g my-session-844cb78789-2fmsw).
  • Will receive no messages from SQS queue with id ad-queue.

Once all users stop filtering a queue (i.e. end their mirrord sessions), the temporary queues (SQS) and topics (Kafka) that mirrord operator created will be deleted.

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